Many chemical reactions reach a state of equilibrium if conditions are right. In an equilibrium system, forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates so that no net change is produced. When equilibrium is reached by a reaction in a test tube, it appears that changes have stopped in the tube. Once equilbrium has been reached, is it possible to produce further observable changes in the tube? If so, can you control the kinds of changes? If not, why are further observable changes impossible? You will observe several chemical systems in this laboratory activity. A careful study of your observations will enable you to answer these questions.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Procedure
伀戀琀愀椀渀 愀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀 爀愀挀欀Ⰰ 猀椀砀 猀洀愀氀氀 ⠀㌀ 砀 洀洀⤀ 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 挀氀攀愀渀 戀甀琀 搀漀渀✀琀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 戀攀 搀爀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀 挀氀愀洀瀀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀猀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀搀 漀瀀攀渀 攀渀搀 甀瀀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀 爀愀挀欀⸀ Prepare a hot water bath: Half-fill a 250 mL beaker with tap water. Start to heat the water (as your teacher directs) so that the water will be near boiling when you are ready to use it. 倀爀攀瀀愀爀攀 愀渀 椀挀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 戀愀琀栀㨀 䘀椀氀氀 愀 ㈀㔀 洀䰀 戀攀愀欀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 挀爀甀猀栀攀搀 椀挀攀⸀ 䄀搀搀 攀渀漀甀最栀 琀愀瀀 眀愀琀攀爀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 ∀猀氀甀猀栀∀⸀ Set up a data table with column headings as indicated below (The last column will be completed after data have been collected.) 匀礀猀琀攀洀ऀ䐀椀猀琀甀爀戀愀渀挀攀ऀ伀戀猀攀爀瘀攀搀 䌀栀愀渀最攀ऀ䐀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 匀栀椀昀琀ऀ 1 ㈀ऀ ऀ ऀ ऀ
etc. 䄀猀 礀漀甀 猀攀琀 甀瀀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 愀渀搀 愀搀搀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀愀渀挀攀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀Ⰰ 攀渀琀攀爀 愀瀀瀀爀漀瀀爀椀愀琀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 攀愀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀栀爀攀攀 挀漀氀甀洀渀猀 漀昀 礀漀甀爀 搀愀琀愀 琀愀戀氀攀⸀ Mix chemicals in test tubes by holding the top of the tube with one hand while you flick the bottom of the tube with your other hand until the tube contents. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 System 1: Iron(III) and thiocyanate㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Setting Up the Equilibrium
䠀愀氀昀ⴀ昀椀氀氀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀甀戀攀 椀渀 礀漀甀爀 爀愀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 搀椀猀琀椀氀氀攀搀 眀愀琀攀爀⸀ Add two drops of 0.1 M Fe(NO3)3 and two drops of 0.1 M KSCN to this tube. Mix the contents thoroughly. 䤀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 爀攀搀ⴀ漀爀愀渀最攀Ⰰ 爀攀瀀攀愀琀 匀琀攀瀀 ㈀ 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 爀攀搀ⴀ漀爀愀渀最攀⸀ Divide the red-orange solution in the first tube among six tubes so each tube contains the same volume. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Chemical Equation for the Equilibrium System䘀攀㌀⬀⠀愀焀⤀ ऀ⬀ऀ匀䌀一ⴀ⠀愀焀⤀ऀऀ䘀攀匀䌀一㈀⬀⠀愀焀⤀ऀ⬀ ऀ栀攀愀琀ऀ Colorless Colorless Red-orange 昀爀漀洀 䘀攀⠀一伀㌀⤀㌀ऀ ऀ昀爀漀洀 䬀匀䌀一ऀ ऀ ऀ ऀ ऀ
䐀椀猀琀甀爀戀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Leave Tube 1 undisturbed; use it as a control. 唀猀攀 愀 挀氀攀愀渀Ⰰ 搀爀礀 猀瀀愀琀甀氀愀 琀漀 愀搀搀 愀 猀洀愀氀氀 挀爀礀猀琀愀氀 漀爀 琀眀漀 漀昀 猀漀氀椀搀 椀爀漀渀⠀䤀䤀䤀⤀ 渀椀琀爀愀琀攀Ⰰ 䘀攀⠀一伀㌀⤀㌀Ⰰ 琀漀 吀甀戀攀 ㈀⸀ 䴀椀砀⸀ Under Disturbance on your data table, record what you did or added to the system to cause the change you observed. In this and all other observations, pay particular attention to color and color change. Always compare with the control tube or you may miss slight color changes. Phrase your Observed Change so the kind of change you observe is indicated, e.g., "lighter red" or "from grey to pink." 唀猀攀 愀 挀氀攀愀渀Ⰰ 搀爀礀 猀瀀愀琀甀氀愀 琀漀 愀搀搀 漀渀攀 漀爀 琀眀漀 猀洀愀氀氀 挀爀礀猀琀愀氀猀 漀昀 猀漀氀椀搀 瀀漀琀愀猀猀椀甀洀 琀栀椀漀挀礀愀渀愀琀攀Ⰰ 䬀匀䌀一Ⰰ 琀漀 吀甀戀攀 ㌀⸀ 䴀椀砀⸀ 刀攀挀漀爀搀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ Add 5 drops of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, NaOH, to Tube 4. Mix, observe, and record.
唀猀攀 愀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀 挀氀愀洀瀀 琀漀 瀀氀愀挀攀 吀甀戀攀 㔀 椀渀 愀 栀漀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 戀愀琀栀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀 愀爀攀 栀漀琀Ⰰ 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ Use a test tube clamp to place Tube 6 in an ice water bath. When the contents of the tube are cold, observe and record. (Data check: Obtain your teacher's initials.) 䐀椀猀挀愀爀搀 愀氀氀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀愀猀琀攀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 戀礀 礀漀甀爀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀⸀ 䐀漀 渀漀琀 瀀漀甀爀 愀渀礀琀栀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀椀渀欀⸀ 刀椀渀猀攀 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀愀瀀 眀愀琀攀爀㬀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀 愀猀 洀甀挀栀 眀愀琀攀爀 愀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 戀礀 猀栀愀欀椀渀最 戀攀昀漀爀攀 猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀猀 甀瀀爀椀最栀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀 爀愀挀欀⸀ 䘀漀氀氀漀眀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀愀洀攀 搀椀猀瀀漀猀愀氀 愀渀搀 爀椀渀猀椀渀最 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀 愀昀琀攀爀 礀漀甀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 攀愀挀栀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 戀攀氀漀眀⸀
匀礀猀琀攀洀 ㈀㨀 䈀爀漀洀漀琀栀礀洀漀氀 戀氀甀攀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 匀攀琀琀椀渀最 唀瀀 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Half-fill three test tubes with distilled water. 䄀搀搀 琀栀爀攀攀 搀爀漀瀀猀 漀昀 戀爀漀洀漀琀栀礀洀漀氀 戀氀甀攀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀漀爀 琀漀 攀愀挀栀 琀甀戀攀⸀ 䴀椀砀 琀栀漀爀漀甀最栀氀礀⸀
䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 䔀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 䈀爀漀洀漀琀栀礀洀漀氀 戀氀甀攀 椀猀 愀 眀攀愀欀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 愀挀椀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 昀漀爀洀甀氀愀⸀ 䘀漀爀 漀甀爀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀Ⰰ 椀琀猀 昀漀爀洀甀氀愀 挀愀渀 戀攀 愀戀戀爀攀瘀椀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 䠀䈀戀⸀ HBb(aq) H+(aq) + Bb-(aq) 夀攀氀氀漀眀ऀ ऀ䌀漀氀漀爀氀攀猀猀ऀ ऀ䈀氀甀攀ऀ
⠀䜀爀攀攀渀 挀愀渀 戀攀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀搀 椀昀 愀瀀瀀爀漀砀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 攀焀甀愀氀 愀洀漀甀渀琀猀 漀昀 礀攀氀氀漀眀 愀渀搀 戀氀甀攀 昀漀爀洀猀 愀爀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀⸀⤀
䐀椀猀琀甀爀戀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 To Tube 2 add two drops of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, HCl, and mix. Observe and record. 吀漀 吀甀戀攀 ㌀ 愀搀搀 琀眀漀 搀爀漀瀀猀 漀昀 ⸀ 䴀 猀漀搀椀甀洀 栀礀搀爀漀砀椀搀攀Ⰰ 一愀伀䠀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀椀砀⸀ 伀戀猀攀爀瘀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ Explore what happens when you now add NaOH to Tube 2 or HCl to Tube 3. See whether your observations are in agreement with observations you have already recorded. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 System 3: Complex Ions of Copper(II) (Cu2+)㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Setting Up the Equilibrium䠀愀氀昀 昀椀氀氀 愀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀 眀椀琀栀 ⸀㔀 䴀 挀漀瀀瀀攀爀⠀䤀䤀⤀ 挀栀氀漀爀椀搀攀Ⰰ 䌀甀䌀氀㈀Ⰰ 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀ Divide so five tubes contain approximately equal volumes. Equilibrium has already been established in the solution. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Chemical Equation for the Equilibrium䌀甀䌀氀㐀㈀ⴀ⠀愀焀⤀ऀ⬀ ऀ㐀 䠀㈀伀⠀氀⤀ऀऀ䌀甀⠀䠀㈀伀⤀㐀㈀⬀⠀愀焀⤀ऀ⬀ऀ㐀 䌀氀ⴀ⠀愀焀⤀ऀ⬀ ऀ栀攀愀琀ऀ Green soln Colorless Light blue soln Colorless 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Disturbing the Equilibrium
吀漀 吀甀戀攀 ㈀ 愀搀搀 愀 猀洀愀氀氀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀礀 ⠀琀栀攀 猀椀稀攀 漀昀 愀 爀椀挀攀 最爀愀椀渀⤀ 漀昀 猀漀氀椀搀 挀愀氀挀椀甀洀 挀栀氀漀爀椀搀攀Ⰰ 䌀愀䌀氀㈀⸀ 䴀椀砀 琀漀 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀椀搀⸀ 刀攀瀀攀愀琀 琀栀攀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀椀渀最 漀昀 猀漀氀椀搀 䌀愀䌀氀㈀ 甀渀琀椀氀 渀漀 洀漀爀攀 猀漀氀椀搀 眀椀氀氀 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀⸀ 伀戀猀攀爀瘀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ To Tube 3 add enough ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, to triple the volume of the solution. Mix, observe, and record. 倀氀愀挀攀 吀甀戀攀 㐀 椀渀 愀 栀漀琀ⴀ眀愀琀攀爀 戀愀琀栀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 栀漀琀Ⰰ 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ Place Tube 5 in an ice-water bath. When the solution is cold, observe and record. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 System 4: Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4)㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Setting Up the Equilibrium㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, can decompose into nitrogen dioxide, NO2, a reddish brown poisonous gas. So that you may work with these substances safely, your teacher will provide two sealed tubes each containing a mixture of these subtances. Equilibrium between N2O4 and NO2 has already been established in the tubes.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Chemical Equation for the Equilibrium 一㈀伀㐀⠀最⤀ऀ⬀ऀ栀攀愀琀ऀऀ㈀ 一伀㈀⠀最⤀ऀ Colorless Reddish brown 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Disturbing the Equilibrium⠀䌀愀甀琀椀漀渀㨀 一㈀伀㐀 愀渀搀 一伀㈀ 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀攀愀氀攀搀 最氀愀猀猀 琀甀戀攀猀 愀爀攀 瀀漀椀猀漀渀漀甀猀⸀ 䠀愀渀搀氀攀 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀猀 挀愀爀攀昀甀氀氀礀 琀漀 愀瘀漀椀搀 戀爀攀愀欀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀氀攀愀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 最愀猀攀猀⸀⤀ 倀氀愀挀攀 漀渀攀 猀攀愀氀攀搀 琀甀戀攀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 椀渀 愀 栀漀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 戀愀琀栀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 栀漀琀Ⰰ 挀漀洀瀀愀爀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 甀渀栀攀愀琀攀搀 琀甀戀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ After removing the tube from the hot water bath, cool it under running cold tap water. Then place the tube in an ice-water bath. When cold, compare to the unchilled tube and record. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 System 5: Complex Ions of Cobalt(II) (Co2+)㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Setting Up the Equilibrium䠀愀氀昀ⴀ昀椀氀氀 愀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀 眀椀琀栀 ⸀㔀 䴀 挀漀戀愀氀琀⠀䤀䤀⤀ 挀栀氀漀爀椀搀攀Ⰰ 䌀漀䌀氀㈀⸀ Divide the solution so five tubes contain approximately equal volumes. Equilibrium has already been established in the solution. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Chemical Equation for the Equilibrium栀攀愀琀ऀ⬀ऀ䌀漀⠀䠀㈀伀⤀㘀㈀⬀⠀愀焀⤀ऀ⬀ऀ㐀 䌀氀ⴀ⠀愀焀⤀ऀऀ䌀漀䌀氀㐀㈀ⴀ⠀愀焀⤀ऀ⬀ऀ㘀 䠀㈀伀⠀氀⤀ऀ Red Colorless Blue Colorless 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Disturbing the Equilibrium
吀漀 吀甀戀攀 ㈀ 愀搀搀 愀 猀洀愀氀氀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀礀 ⠀琀栀攀 猀椀稀攀 漀昀 愀 爀椀挀攀 最爀愀椀渀⤀ 漀昀 猀漀氀椀搀 挀愀氀挀椀甀洀 挀栀氀漀爀椀搀攀Ⰰ 䌀愀䌀氀㈀⸀ 䴀椀砀 琀漀 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀椀搀⸀ 刀攀瀀攀愀琀 琀栀攀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀椀渀最 漀昀 猀漀氀椀搀 䌀愀䌀氀㈀ 甀渀琀椀氀 渀漀 洀漀爀攀 猀漀氀椀搀 眀椀氀氀 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀⸀ 伀戀猀攀爀瘀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ To Tube 3 add enough acetone, CH3COCH3, to double the volume of the solution. Mix, observe, and record. 倀氀愀挀攀 吀甀戀攀 㐀 椀渀 愀 栀漀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 戀愀琀栀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 栀漀琀Ⰰ 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ Place Tube 5 in an ice water bath. When the solution is cold, observe and record. 圀愀猀栀 栀愀渀搀猀 琀栀漀爀漀甀最栀氀礀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 氀攀愀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀⸀
䐀愀琀愀 䄀渀愀氀礀猀椀猀 愀渀搀 䌀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 䐀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 To complete the fourth column on the right side of your data table (headed Direction of Shift), decide whether each disturbance caused the equilibrium system to shift left or right. Record the direction of shift in this column. How do you decide direction of shift? Consider the equilibrium system 䄀ऀऀ䈀ऀ Yellow Green 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀䤀昀 愀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀愀渀挀攀 挀愀甀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 琀漀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 洀漀爀攀 礀攀氀氀漀眀Ⰰ 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 栀愀猀 猀栀椀昀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀攀昀琀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 洀甀猀琀 栀愀瘀攀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 洀漀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 礀攀氀氀漀眀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 猀栀漀眀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 氀攀昀琀 猀椀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 攀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀昀 琀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 猀栀椀昀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀 礀漀甀 眀漀甀氀搀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀 洀漀爀攀 最爀攀攀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀栀椀昀琀 椀猀 ∀爀椀最栀琀∀⸀ 唀猀攀 琀栀攀猀攀 椀搀攀愀猀 琀漀 搀攀挀椀搀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀 琀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀栀椀昀琀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 戀礀 攀愀挀栀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀愀渀挀攀⸀ Use your data table to find all cases where a disturbance was caused by heating. After you have found all of these cases, answer the following: 䠀漀眀 搀漀攀猀 琀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀栀椀昀琀 爀攀氀愀琀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀椀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 攀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀琀 琀攀爀洀 椀猀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀㼀 Write a rule which would allow you to predict how other equilibrium systems would shift when disturbed in this way. 唀猀攀 礀漀甀爀 搀愀琀愀 琀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 愀氀氀 挀愀猀攀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 眀攀爀攀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀攀搀 戀礀 挀漀漀氀椀渀最⸀ 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 How does the direction of shift relate to the side of the chemical equation on which the heat term is written? 圀爀椀琀攀 愀 爀甀氀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀氀漀眀 礀漀甀 琀漀 瀀爀攀搀椀挀琀 栀漀眀 漀琀栀攀爀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀栀椀昀琀 眀栀攀渀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀礀⸀ Use your data table to examine all cases where a disturbance was caused by increasing the concentration of a substance already present in the equilibrium system. Hint: Adding solid Fe(NO3)3 to System 2 increases the concentration of Fe3+(aq) and NO3-(aq) when the solid dissolves. Adding HCl solution to System 3 increases the concentration of both H+(aq) and Cl-(aq) in the system. Write a rule which would explian how the direction of shift relates to the side of the chemical reaction on which the substance with increased concentration is written. 䤀渀 猀漀洀攀 挀愀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 眀愀猀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀攀搀 戀礀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀⸀ 唀猀甀愀氀氀礀 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 搀漀渀攀 戀礀 愀搀搀椀渀最 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 渀漀琀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 眀栀椀挀栀 爀攀愀挀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀Ⰰ 挀栀愀渀最椀渀最 椀琀 琀漀 愀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 匀礀猀琀攀洀 礀漀甀 愀搀搀攀搀 ⸀ 䴀 一愀伀䠀 ⠀挀漀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 愀焀甀攀漀甀猀 一愀⬀ 愀渀搀 伀䠀ⴀ 椀漀渀猀⤀⸀ 伀䠀ⴀ 爀攀愀挀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 䘀攀㌀⬀ 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀挀椀瀀椀琀愀琀攀 䘀攀⠀伀䠀⤀㌀⠀猀⤀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䘀攀㌀⬀⠀愀焀⤀ 爀攀洀愀椀渀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䌀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 挀愀渀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀 戀礀 愀搀搀椀渀最 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 猀漀氀瘀攀渀琀 ⠀愀挀攀琀漀渀攀 漀爀 愀氀挀漀栀漀氀⤀ 琀漀 搀椀氀甀琀攀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀⸀ 䤀搀攀渀琀椀昀礀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀 眀栀漀猀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀 椀渀 愀猀 洀愀渀礀 挀愀猀攀猀 愀猀 礀漀甀 挀愀渀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀愀挀栀Ⰰ 攀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 眀栀愀琀 挀愀甀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 琀漀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀⸀ 圀爀椀琀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 攀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀⸀
The equation for the example above is: 䘀攀㌀⬀⠀愀焀⤀ऀ⬀ऀ㌀ 伀䠀ⴀ⠀愀焀⤀ऀऀ䘀攀⠀伀䠀⤀㌀⠀猀⤀ऀ
For each case involving a decrease in concentration, identify the substance that is decreased in concentration, on which side of the equation this substance is found, and which way the equilibrium is observed to shift. 䌀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀 挀愀猀攀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 眀愀猀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀攀搀 戀礀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀⸀
How does the direction of shift relate to the side of the chemical equation on which the substance with altered concentration is written? 圀爀椀琀攀 愀 爀甀氀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀氀漀眀 礀漀甀 琀漀 瀀爀攀搀椀挀琀 栀漀眀 漀琀栀攀爀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀栀椀昀琀 眀栀攀渀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀礀⸀
Write a general rule that would cover all of the types of disturbances you have observed. Write your rule so it can be used to predict the effect of any temperature or concentration disturbance on an equilibrium system㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
George Porter was born in the West Riding of Yorkshire on the 6th December 1920. He married Stella Jean Brooke on the 25th August 1949 and they have two sons, John and Andrew.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
His first education was at local primary and grammar schools and in 1938 he went, as Ackroyd Scholar, to Leeds University. His interest in physical chemistry and chemical kinetics grew during his final year there and was inspired to a large extent by the teaching of M.G. Evans. During his final honours year he took a special course in radio physics and became, later in the year, an Officer in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Special Branch, concerned with radar. The training which he received in electronics and pulse techniques was to prove useful later in suggesting new approaches to chemical problems.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
Early in 1945, he went to Cambridge to work as a postgraduate research student with Professor R.G.W. Norrish. His first problem involved the study, by flow techniques, of free radicals produced in gaseous photochemical reactions. The idea of using short pulses of light, of shorter duration than the lifetime of the free radicals, occurred to him about a year later. He began the construction of an apparatus for this purpose in the early summer of 1947 and, together with Norrish, applied this to the study of gaseous free radicals and to combustion. Their collaboration continued until 1954 when Porter left Cambridge.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
During 1949 there was an exciting period when the method was applied to a wide variety of gaseous substances. Porter still remembers the first appearance of the absorption spectra of new, transient substances in time resolved sequence, as they gradually appeared under the safelight of a dark room, as one of the most rewarding experiences of his life.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
His subsequent work has been mainly concerned with showing how the flash-photolysis method can be extended and applied to many diverse problems of physics, chemistry and biology. He has made contributions to other techniques, particularly that of radical trapping and matrix stabilisation.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
After a short period at the British Rayon Research Association, where he applied the new methods to practical problems of dye fading and the phototendering of fabrics, he went, in 1955, to the University of Sheffield, as Professor of Physical Chemistry, and later as Head of Department and Firth Professor. In 1966 he became Director and Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution in succession to Sir Lawrence Bragg. He is Director of the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory of the Royal Institution. Here his research group is applying flash photolysis to the problem of photosynthesis and is extending these techniques into the nanosecond region and beyond.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
Porter became a fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1952, and an honorary fellow in 1967. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1960 and awarded the Davy Medal in 1971. He received the Corday-Morgan Medal of the Chemical Society in 1955, and was Tilden Lecturer of the Chemical Society in 1958 and Liversidge Lecturer in 1969. He has been President of the Chemical Society since 1970. He is Visiting Professor of University College London since 1967, and Honorary Professor of the University of Kent at Canterbury since 1966.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
Porter holds Honorary D.Sc.'s from the following Universities: 1968, Utah, Salt Lake City (U.S.A.), Sheffield; 1970, East Anglia, Surrey and Durham; 1971, Leeds, Leicester, Heriot-Watt and City University. He is an honorary member of the New York Academy of Sciences (1968) and of the Academy "Leopoldina". He is President of the Comité International de Photobiologie since 1968. He was Knighted in January 1972.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
He is interested in communication between scientists of different disciplines and between the scientist and the non-scientist, and has contributed to many films and television programmes. His main recreation is sailing㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
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